The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP) is a framework for creating network application protocols. BEEP includes building blocks like framing, pipelining, multiplexing, reporting and authentication for connection and message-oriented peer-to-peer (P2P) protocols with support of asynchronous full-duplex communication.
Message syntax and semantics is defined with BEEP profiles associated to one or more BEEP channels, where each channel is a full-duplex pipe. A framing-mechanism enables simultaneous and independent communication between peers.
BEEP is defined in RFC 3080 independently from the underlying transport mechanism. The mapping of BEEP onto a particular transport service is defined in a separate series of documents.
Overview
Profiles, channels and a framing mechanism are used in BEEP to exchange different kinds of messages. Only content type and encoding are defaulted by the specification leaving the full flexibility of using a binary or textual format open to the protocol designer. Profiles define the functionality of the protocol and the message syntax and semantics. Channels are full-duplex pipes connected to a particular profile. Messages sent through different channels are independent from each other (asynchronous). Multiple channels can use the same profile through one connection.
BEEP also includes TLS for encryption and SASL for authentication.
History
In 1998 Marshall T. Rose, who also worked on the POP3, SMTP, and SNMP protocols. designed the BXXP protocol and subsequently handed it over to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) workgroup in summer 2000. In 2001 the IETF published BEEP (RFC 3080) and BEEP on TCP (RFC 3081) with some enhancements to BXXP. The three most notable are:
- Using application/octet-stream as default "Content-Type".
- Support multi-reply for messages.
- Changing the name from BXXP to BEEP
BEEP Session
To start a BEEP session, an initiating peer connects to the listening peer. Both peers are sending a positive reply containing a greeting element immediately and simultaneously. The greeting contains up to three different elements:
- features optional channel management profile feature tokens supported by the peer.
- localize optional preferred language tags for reporting and messages.
- profile profiles supported by the peer.
Example greeting and answer:
L: <wait for incoming connection> I: <open connection> L: RPY 0 0 . 0 110 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml L: L: <greeting> L: <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/TLS' /> L: </greeting> L: END I: RPY 0 0 . 0 52 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml I: I: <greeting /> I: END
Profiles
Profiles define the syntax and semantics of messages and the protocol functionality based on BEEP. A single BEEP session can provide access to multiple profiles. To identify a profile a unique string is assigned to it. This profile identifier has the format of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) or Uniform Resource Name (URN). In the past the URI format of the profile identifier lead to cunfusion, because it is similar to a web address. To avoid misunderstandings newer profiles should use the URN format.
Example profile identifier:
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held:beep | A BEEP Binding for the HELD Protocol |
iana.org/beep/xmlrpc | RFC 3529 XML-RPC in BEEP |
Messages and Frames
BEEP messages are structured according to the MIME standard. There are sometimes misunderstandings about BEEP using XML in messages, but only a small subset of XML is used by channel 0 and it is transparent to the profile designer (BEEP user). It's up to the profile designer which message content format is used. This can be any textual format like JSON or XML as well as binary data. XML is used in the channel management and the TLS standard profile defined with BEEP.
Example of a successful channel close message exchange from RFC3080.
C: MSG 0 2 . 235 71 C: Content-Type: application/beep+xml C: C: <close number='1' code='200' /> C: END S: RPY 0 2 . 392 46 S: Content-Type: application/beep+xml S: S: <ok /> S: END
Larger messages are split into multiple parts and distributed over a number of sequence frames.
Exchange Types
BEEP defines 5 message types to allow most of the application protocols patterns needed. They are the following:
| Message | MSG | A message from one peer to another containing a content. |
| Reply | RPY | A single reply to a received message containing a content (one-to-one exchange). |
| Error | ERR | A single reply to a received message containing a content (one-to-one exchange) with error semantic. |
| Answer | ANS | An answer to a received message containing a content. There might be 0 to n answers for a message (one-to-many exchange). |
| Nul | NUL | A terminal reply to a message without a content to signal to the peer currently acting as the client the end of a message exchange with 0 or more answers. |
Some of the most common application protocol patterns are implemented like follows:
- Request-reply using MSG for request and RPY and ERR for replies
- Single request-multiple replies using MSG, and a series of ANS replies ended by a NUL frame
- Unacknowledged notification using MSG without any reply
Flow Control
BEEP supports sequence frames (SEQ) to implement flow control at channel level. Sequence frames are defined in RFC 3081 section 3.3. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) defines a sequence mechanism on transport layer level and supports flow control related to the connection. Flow control on channel level in BEEP is needed to ensure no channel or big message monopolizes the entire connection. To that extend sequence frames are used to support Quality of Service (QoS) and to avoid starvation and deadlock
