In computer networking, reverse DNS lookup or reverse DNS resolution (rDNS) is the determination of a domain name that is associated with a given IP address using the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.
Computer networks use the Domain Name System to determine the IP address associated with a domain name. This process is also known as forward DNS resolution. Reverse DNS lookup is the inverse process, the resolution of an IP address to its designated domain name.
The reverse DNS database of the Internet is rooted in the Address and Routing Parameter Area (arpa) top-level domain of the Internet. IPv4 uses the in-addr.arpa domain and the ip6.arpa domain (previously ip6.int) is delegated for IPv6. The process of reverse resolving an IP address uses the pointer DNS record type (PTR record).
Informational RFCs (RFC 1033, RFC 1912 Section 2.1) specify that "Every Internet-reachable host should have a name" and that such names match with a reverse pointer record, but it is not a requirement of standards governing operation of the DNS itself.
IPv4 reverse resolution
Reverse DNS lookups for IPv4 addresses use a reverse IN-ADDR entry in the special domain in-addr.arpa. In this domain, an IPv4 address is represented as a concatenated sequence of four decimal numbers, separated by dots, to which is appended the second level domain suffix .in-addr.arpa. The four decimal numbers are obtained by splitting the 32-bit IPv4 address into four 8-bit portions and converting each 8-bit portion into a decimal number. These decimal numbers are then concatenated in the order: least significant 8-bit portion first (leftmost), most significant 8-bit portion last (rightmost). It is important to note that this is the reverse order to the usual dotted-decimal convention for writing IPv4 addresses in textual form. For example, an address (A) record for mail.example.com points to the IP address 192.0.2.5. In pointer records of the reverse database, this IP address is stored as the domain name 5.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa pointing back to its designated host name mail.example.com. This allows it to pass the Forward Confirmed reverse DNS process.
Classless reverse DNS method
Historically, Internet registries and Internet service providers allocated IP addresses in blocks of 256 (for Class C) or larger octet-based blocks for classes B and A. By definition, each block fell upon an octet boundary. The structure of the reverse DNS domain was based on this definition. However, with the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing, IP addresses were allocated in much smaller blocks, and hence the original design of pointer records was impractical, since autonomy of administration of smaller blocks could not be granted. RFC 2317 devised a methodology to address this problem by using canonical name (CNAME) DNS records.
IPv6 reverse resolution
Reverse DNS lookups for IPv6 addresses use the special domain ip6.arpa. An IPv6 address appears as a name in this domain as a sequence of nibbles in reverse order, represented as hexadecimal digits as subdomains. For example, the pointer domain name corresponding to the IPv6 address 2001:db8::567:89ab is b.a.9.8.7.6.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
Multiple pointer records
While most rDNS entries only have one PTR record, DNS does not restrict the number. However, having multiple PTR records for the same IP address is generally not recommended, unless there is a specific need. For example, if a web server supports many virtual hosts, there may be one PTR record for each host and some versions of name server software will allocate this automatically. Multiple PTR records can cause problems, however, including triggering bugs in programs that only expect single PTR records. In the case of a large web server, having hundreds of PTR records can cause the DNS packets to be much larger than normal, which can cause responses to be truncated if they exceed the DNS 512 byte UDP message limit.
Records other than PTR records
Record types other than PTR records may also appear in the reverse DNS tree. For example, encryption keys may be placed there for IPsec (RFC 4025), SSH (RFC 4255) and IKE (RFC 4322). DNS-Based Service Discovery (RFC 6763) uses specially-named records in the reverse DNS tree to provide hints to clients about subnet-specific service discovery domains. Less standardized usages include comments placed in TXT records and LOC records to identify the geophysical location of an IP address.
Uses
The most common uses of the reverse DNS include:
- The original use of the rDNS: network troubleshooting via tools such as traceroute, ping, and the "Received:" trace header field for SMTP e-mail, web sites tracking users (especially on Internet forums), etc.
- One e-mail anti-spam technique: checking the domain names in the rDNS to see if they are likely from dialup users, dynamically assigned addresses, or other inexpensive Internet services. Owners of such IP addresses typically assign them generic rDNS names such as "1-2-3-4-dynamic-ip.example.com." Some corporate anti-spam services take the view that the vast majority, but by no means all, of e-mail that originates from these computers is spam with spam filters refusing e-mail with such rDNS names. However data has shown that just as much if not more spam has originated from unpatched machines within corporate networks that are more likely to use out of date browsers than cheaper services such as DSL networks not to mention the difficulty of blocking spam from major providers like Yahoo and Hotmail. A recent shift has shown that spamming has switched to mainly coming from hosting companies making using rDNS even less useful. All of this adds to the argument that the few services that choose to block email servers purely on the basis of rDNS are simply discriminating without merit and often miss out more pro-active and useful indiscriminate anti spam measures.
- A forward-confirmed reverse DNS (FCrDNS) verification can create a form of authentication showing a valid relationship between the owner of a domain name and the owner of the server that has been given an IP address. While not very thorough, this validation is strong enough to often be used for whitelisting purposes, mainly because spammers and phishers usually can't pass verification for it when they use zombie computers to forge domains.
- System logging or monitoring tools often receive entries with the relevant devices specified only by IP addresses. To provide more human-usable data, these programs often perform a reverse lookup before writing the log, thus writing a name rather than the IP address
